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PREFACE:
Over the past decade, substantial advancements have been made in the development of direct injection internal combustion engines. Interestingly, direct injection technology emerged and was implemented almost simultaneously in spark ignition (SI) gasoline engines and light-duty diesel engines during the mid-1990s. While this parallel development may have been coincidental, the underlying motivation for adopting direct injection in both engine types was the same: to enhance the efficiency and performance of internal combustion (IC) engines for automotive applications.
However, the journey toward widespread adoption has differed between the two engine types. Direct injection SI engines faced a slower and more uneven market penetration due to their higher cost, modest improvements in fuel economy and full-load performance, increased complexity, and the need for lean NOx aftertreatment systems. In contrast, high-speed direct injection (HSDI) diesel engines have seen significant commercial success, owing to their excellent fuel efficiency and performance.
As concerns about greenhouse gas emissions intensify and new CO₂ targets are being enforced in Europe, Japan, and the United States, direct injection gasoline engines are regaining traction. Short-term improvements are being achieved through downsizing and boosting, while stratified charge combustion and controlled autoignition are being explored as medium-term solutions. Meanwhile, both HSDI and heavy-duty (HD) diesel engines are under increasing pressure to meet more stringent emission regulations without compromising fuel efficiency.
This context underscores the relevance and timeliness of a comprehensive book that consolidates the current state of direct injection combustion engines and identifies future development needs. Such a resource enables researchers and engineers to "stand on the shoulders of giants" as they innovate the next generation of high-efficiency, low-emission engines.
One of the book's main strengths lies in its broad yet balanced coverage of both theoretical foundations and practical technologies associated with DI combustion engines. It features contributions from experienced engineers and academic researchers, creating a well-rounded perspective. The content is organized into two volumes: the first focusing on gasoline and gas engines, and the second on diesel engines.
Volume 1: Gasoline and Gas Engines
Following an introductory overview of the history and operating principles of high-efficiency direct injection gasoline engines, this volume explores various strategies to improve fuel economy:
- Chapter 2: Stratified charge combustion for partial-load operation
- Chapter 3: Turbocharging for engine downsizing
- Chapters 4 & 5: Lean-boosting and Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) for enhanced downsizing
- Chapter 6: Autoignition combustion as a means to reduce both NOx emissions and fuel consumption
Further topics include:
- Chapter 7: Utilization of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in engine design and optimization
- Chapter 8: Direct injection Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) engines for commercial applications
- Chapter 9: Insights from Brazil’s successful biofuel market
- Chapter 10: Advanced optical diagnostic techniques in gasoline engine development
Volume 2: Diesel Engines
Volume 2 begins with a review of HSDI diesel engine developments from the past ten years and proceeds with:
- Chapter 2: Overview of cutting-edge fuel injection systems for light-duty diesel engines
- Chapter 3: Fundamentals of mixture formation, combustion, and emissions in HSDI engines
- Chapter 4: Effects of multiple fuel injections on combustion and emissions
- Chapter 5: Role of air management and turbocharging in diesel performance and emission control
- Chapter 6: Advanced design concepts for next-generation light-duty HSDI engines
- Chapter 7: Model-based control systems for managing complex engine configurations
The second half of this volume explores heavy-duty diesel engines, starting with:
- Chapter 8: Current status and evolution of HD diesel engines
- Chapter 9: Advances in fuel injection systems for HD applications
- Chapter 10: Turbocharging technologies presented by a leading manufacturer
- Chapter 11: Experimental and CFD research on combustion chamber design and multi-injection strategies
- Chapter 12: Systematic design methodologies for HD diesel engines
Part III: Emissions Control and Advanced Diagnostics
- Chapter 13: On-board fuel reforming and its potential to improve both combustion and aftertreatment performance
- Chapters 14 & 15: Current practices and future needs in aftertreatment systems for light- and heavy-duty diesel engines
- Chapter 16: Recent advances in in-cylinder optical diagnostics and their applications
- Chapter 17: Research on low-temperature diesel combustion using optical techniques
- Chapter 18: Latest developments in CFD modeling for internal combustion engines
This comprehensive book is the product of the contributors' unwavering commitment to meet publication deadlines. Special thanks are due to Sheril Leich and Diana Gill (née Leusenrink) at Woodhead Publishing for their invaluable support throughout the project. I also express deep gratitude to my wife and daughter for their patience and support during the preparation of this work.
